Called the “Stone of Heaven”, jade has a long and storied history within China. Back during the the Shang Dynasty, jade was used by the royals for personal adornment. It also enjoyed frequent use in utilitarian and ceremonial objects (such as grave goods). By the dawn of the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368 and 1644 respectively), jade had become more referential and was primarily used by the imperial court as objets d’art. In terms of personal adornment, jewelery was worn frequently by both sexes as indicators of nobility and wealth. As time progressed however, emphasis shifted from jade pieces as symbols primarily of status to symbols of beautification. Most common, to both sexes was the earring, though other pieces such as tiaras and rings were also well known. Jade amulets were also popular – these often featuring potent symbols such as a dragon, phoenix or a particular Chinese character.

What Makes Jade So Sought After?

Jade is considered by the Chinese to be a powerful source of positive energy (it is said to bring good luck, after all). It comes in many different colors and hues. Best known is the milky green, but it also comes in shades of white, grey, black, yellow, orange and soft violet hues. If Westerners have difficulty measuring jade’s worth, consider this: the Chinese valued jade as highly in the east, as gold and gems were valued in the west. Of jade, Confuscius said, “The wise have likened jade to virtue….Its color represents loyalty; its…flaws,…sincerity; its iridescent brightness represents heaven…Used alone without ornamentation it represents chastity.” In short, from Confucius to the minds of modern Chinese, the versatile and lovely stone is potent and evocative, bringing to mind every esteemed quality possessed by humanity.

Irish culture is full of fascinating history that we have all read about at one time or another. Little do we know, there is an entire world of myth and lore to go right along with the Emerald Isle’s history. Many events occurring in Ireland since its founding have legend and lore attached to them, making for an often intriguing story – if not entirely factual in the telling. No matter which strikes your fancy, they’re usually both pretty darn interesting. This is especially true when the tale is about the Claddagh Ring.
The Claddagh Ring is a beautiful and historical piece of jewelry that originated during the 16th century in Claddagh, Galway. For many centuries it was worn exclusively by the people in this small community, often as a wedding ring. The ring’s design features a heart cupped in two hands, above which is displayed a crown. Both then, and now, it signified love, though as time wore on, it came to include deep friendship as well. One of the long-held customs for keeping this ring states that one should never buy the ring for him or herself, but to give to someone of whom they’re fond. No longer confined to the shores of Ireland, this emblematic and simple yet elegant ring has become popular in several countries and has been shown prominently in several movies.
Historical Depiction
A man named Richard Joyce is credited with designing the ring. Legend says that he lived in Galway, and was kidnapped by an Algerian slaver and sold in the West Indies as a slave. His new master just happened to be a goldsmith, so during his time there, Joyce learned the goldsmith’s trade, soon surpassing his master in skill. When British decree abolished slavery, the goldsmith who was once his master offered Joyce his daughter’s hand in marriage if he would stay on with them. Naturally, Joyce refused and returned to his homeland with the Claddagh ring’s design.
Mythical Depiction
The mythical version of the ring’s origin is more whimsical and fanciful. This version centers around a woman named Margaret Joyce (said to be related to the gent in the previous story). Margaret was twice-married: once to a wealthy Spaniard who died and left her a vast inheritance. Then she was wed to the mayor of her community. She became known as Margaret of the Bridges, owing to her decision to use some of her late husband’s wealth to have multiple bridges constructed within her home province of Connacht. So the story goes, that as she surveying one of the bridge sites, an eagle flew overhead and dropped the very first Claddagh ring into her lap.
While many people believe the ‘true’ historical version, no one really knows the origin behind the beautiful and famous ring. What we do know is that for centuries, it has persisted as a symbol of love, friendship, and honor. Used only by the residents of Galway to seal their marriages for 400 years or more, the ring is a true symbol of love in the Irish tradition.

Scotland is a country rich in tradition, with many a story handed down through the generations. The people who came to this area long ago and made their homes here were rich and hearty of spirit and possessed of great determination. Their descendants have survived not only wars with other countries, but also many in-country conflicts as well. This has served to engender a fierce national pride in the country and its heritage among the native Scots.
A highly important aspect of Scottish history surrounds a ubiquitous garment called the kilt. The kilt has become known to people virtually all over the world as traditional Scottish attire. This perception formed over time, as the kilt evolved from a cloak-like garment into the modern garment we know today.
Beginnings of the Kilt
Kilts are part and parcel in many countries today; as school uniforms worn by children, by people in costume and by performers either doing re-enactments, traditional dances or even bagpipers. The type of kilt most often seen today is a far from the original. It is thought by many to be based upon the Irish leine, which was a large piece of fabric, wrapped and draped about the body and fastened in place. It was a unisex garment, belted about the waist and worn with a brooch at the shoulder or neck. Loose and perhaps unflattering, it was nonetheless emblematic of the culture.
From the leine came the great kilt. It had more than little in common with its predecessor – being of similar length, and being donned and fastened in a similar fashion. While it was also unisex, it was more fitted to the body, and designed only to drape over a single shoulder.
The Modern Kilt
Over the course of the last century or so, the kilt has evolved into what we typically envision when we picture that most uniquely Scottish of garments. Seldom or not at all does it feature the over the shoulder drapery. Instead, it hangs from the waist, wrapped about the mid-section, dropping to the knees. Unlike shorts, which outwardly look similar to those who don’t know better, the kilt is one piece of fabric wrapped about the waist several times, and fastened on the side. A shirt is typically worn with it since it lacks the upper body covering found in its predecessors.
Having become immensely popular all over the world, the kilt is worn by both genders and by people of all ages. While not as prevalent in traditional Scottish wardrobe as it once was, it can still be found at its place of honor among rituals, ceremonies and celebrations. Many men of Scottish descent , regardless where they may live, wear their kilts during weddings and other special occasions, as the kilt holds a special significance even today.
With its rich and storied history, the centuries old Scottish kilt can be found in modern books, movies and artwork from years gone by. While it may have evolved to suit changing customs and social norms of dress, it’s still very much an important part of what it means to be and live uniquely Scottish.

Russian attire and adornments are highly reflective of not only the time in which they came about, but are also indicative of the diversity of Russia itself. Traditional garments and modes will always have a place of their own, but as modern influences have found their way into Russia’s borders, and the lives of young and old alike, so too has modern clothing. If you think ‘warm’, ‘durable’ and ‘rustic’ as words to describe the ideal qualities of Russian clothes, you wouldn’t be far off, yet there is a certain modern aesthetic that has taken hold, broadening what it means to be and dress as a Rus.

By the very nature of the country, Russian clothing tends to be warm and insulating – comprised of such things as wool, leather and fur. Clothes of yesteryear came in canvas or wool and were often as not, embroidered with myriad designs or colorful threading to accentuate handmade garb. Capes, hoods, hats, and shawls provided both modesty and warmth. Pre-Industrial Russian peasant women wore sarafans with corsets, long skirts and sleeves, usually in a floral pattern. To accompany and accentuate this common outfit, they also wore a headdress or hat known as a kokoshnik. Conversely, men wore kaftans (a long cotton or silk cloak that belted with a sash, based on an earlier Persian design), kosovvorotka (traditional, mid-thigh length tunic), and ushanka (literally ‘ear hat’, a fur and wool hat with muffs designed to keep the head warm in winter). Both wore lapti (standard peasant shoes made from fibrous tree material) and valenki (felt/fur winter boots).

Present day Russian clothing styles tend towards the ‘edgy’ and may appear out of keeping with the rest of the modern world’s modes of dress. While it’s something of a truism that Russian fashion tends to fall behind (sometimes by as much as ten years) the rest of the western world, one consistent aspect of Russian fashion is its adherence to particular norms in certain regions. In the north, more reserved colors and schemes are preferred, and in the south, typically brighter colors prevail. Even so, it wouldn’t be thought amiss for trendy, hip Russians to routinely dress as they were going out for a night on the town. This reflects an almost cosmopolitan nature, especially in the larger cities, like Moscow. Traditional materials, like wool, leather, cotton and fur – still necessary for warmth and comfort in the frozen north – are gradually being augmented or replaced with newer fabrics that work just as well, and as an added bonus, offer up a nearly endless fashion array from which to choose.

Welcome to Nigeria! This is a beautiful country, which is rich in natural resources and home to approximately 152 million people and is the continent’s most populous nation.
Over 200 tribes (ethnic groups) make up Nigeria, which borders Chad and Niger to its north, and sandwiched between Benin and Cameroon, there are three major ones. These tribes are Yoruba, Hausa and Fuluni (two tribes that merged) and Ibo. It gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1960, and as such, English is the national language. Each tribe, however, has its own very specific written and spoken language as well as culture and customs.

In the eyes of a Westerner, while it might seem that each ethnic group’s culture, customs and style of clothing are the same, they are quite different and distinct from one another. While not the most populous tribe, the Yoruba people tend to be most often found in positions within the national government and in jobs of distinction and power. Based on exposure, when Westerners identify with people or refer to someone from Nigeria, whether they realize it or not, in their mind’s eye, images of Yoruba people and their clothing are what often pops up.

Nigeria has three climates: equatorial, tropical and arid. As a result, the clothes, regardless which ethnic group is making them, tend to be loose fitting, and, more often than not, made from cotton. While a man may wear a Western style suit one day – usually gray, black, navy or tan, the next day he may opt to wear something Yoruba. Women for the most part dress in their ethnic garb or may do something rather clever. They’ll take the cloth used to make their apparel, and create a Western style skirt suit. The higher up a person is in his or her profession and the amount of business dealings he or she has with England, Europe and the United States will often determine the size and variation of their wardrobe.

Men’s Clothing
A typical Yoruba 4-piece suit consists of the following:
• Buba – Blouse or shirt – may be one color or several and come in varying lengths; either just shy of his hips or it may come to his knees.
• Pants – Slightly baggy to allow for breathing, rarely are they tight. Again, may be one or several colors. The pants will have at least one color in common with his Buba, and unless they were purchased specifically for that suit, may be worn with another suit.
• Agabada – Flowing robe with wide sleeves. The more important the event, the more ornate the embroidery becomes. Agabadas are generally reserved for special occasions.
• Hat – Often two or more colors, it completes the ensemble. It is usually one that fits snuggly about the head and may or may not touch his ears.

Women’s Clothing
Similar to a man’s outfit, sans the pants:
• Buba – Blouse – may be one color or several. May have embroidery or not and this largely depends upon the location where her outfit is being worn.
• Wrapper – This is a meant to be similar to a Western-style wrap skirt that was popular in the 1970s or likened to a sarong. It’s a large piece of square cloth that may or may not be the same color scheme and pattern as the Buba. It may come to just past her knees or to the floor. It may be fairly form fitting or extremely loose and flowing.
• Gele – Her head scarf or gear. Generally speaking, this is fashioned from the same piece of material as either her Wrap or her Buba or both (assuming the two were cut from the same bolt of cloth).

For a woman who rarely leaves her house without a Gele, what matches her work outfit, when going out will be nothing short of stunning. At minimum her Gele will be rich in color and often contort to an elaborate shape.

As with Westerners, the pieces worn are the same in the office as they are for social events, however, the materials, patterns and adornments used will differ. Dressing up is relative because in general, if a Nigerian leaves his or her house, whether rich or poor, he or she is always presentable. Casual is not a word that enters their fashion dictionary. There are just varying degrees of formal. What someone in the US might label dressed up, that’s usual attire for a Nigerian. Socializing, whether in a restaurant, a party, an office party, a wedding, etc., is a spectacle to behold!

What young woman doesn’t look at her belly and think that a pretty diamond, barbell or even a flower would make it prettier? Whether she already has pierced ears or not, it’s almost a natural leap to jump from dangling something from her lobes to adorning her flat belly.

In western culture, a quick way to annoy your parents, whether you are a young man or woman, is to pierce your navel. You will hear every argument against it. The common two persuasions are that only girls who are trying to sexualize themselves too early do it and that only “deviants” mutilate their bodies in this manner.

Long associated with thugs, strippers and other wayward types, many believe this is a new trend that spawned in the 20th century, just to aggravate middle-class, hard working moms and dads.

Nothing could be further from the truth. Although there is common misconception about its origins, this “trend” is several centuries not decades old.

One common belief is that navel piercing started in ancient Egypt (3500 BCE – 100 BCE) and was exclusive to statuaries. While on the face of it, this explanation could have some merit, given the mystery and beauty of Queen Cleopatra, it seems that a more plausible one is that navel piercing stems from India and the Gupta Empire (320-550 BCE), far more recently. Drawings in the marriage guide Kama Sutra (2nd century CE) support this theory. Lacking any physical data supporting the earlier assertion, this author is more comfortable citing the latter as being more likely.

Body Piercings in India – Practicality that Turned into a Tradition of Beauty
Both for purposes of adornment and as a means of keeping the “family jewels” safe, women in India have been decorating their bodies with semi precious and precious stones for at least five centuries, and likely longer. Its roots date back to a time when their husbands traveled frequently for work. Gone for long periods of time, if ill fate should befall her betrothed, the wife, who of course didn’t work, could have a means to support her family and her. On each toe, each finger, in her navel, each ear and in her nose was her insurance that her family would never starve.

Rich, poor, whether she’s a Brahman or a Sudra or some place in between in the Caste System, chances are good that she has at least a nose ring and quite likely one in the navel as well. This is not a tradition relegated to a specific class, but rather one you’ll find throughout the country – most particularly those who practice Hinduism, the predominant religion.

Today, between banks and safes, she needn’t wear every piece of jewelry she owns. However, it’s not uncommon to see women both in India and those of Indian descent living outside the country, continuing this tradition. Fewer things are more sensual than seeing a woman dressed in a saree (also expressed as sari), adorned with a jewel in her navel, a tinier version in her nose and two in her earlobes.

So, the next time your parents tell you that only girls trying to emulate Britney Spears or the girl in your town that everyone assumes to be a stripper or worse, tell them that it’s a rite of passage in India. Although it might not persuade them, they may, if only for a moment, realize that although relatively new in the United States, the association with deviant behavior has no relevance.

When it comes to cultural adornments, nothing is quite like the beautiful jewelery crafted by the various Native American tribes of the United States. Further, nothing captures the primal majesty like the Native American in his (or her) full regalia – headdress, face paint (or masks), beads and hand-made clothing.

Native Smiths
Every tribe’s jewelry style differs slightly, either in the techniques by which it is crafted, or its presentation. However, Native Americans of many tribes already had a long-standing familiarity with the ingredients that went into making it (beads, shells, copper, silver, bone, turquoise, amber and other stones) by the time they first countered Europeans. Since the 1800s, when the Native Americans picked up silver smithing and other advanced techniques from the Spanish, such advancement has only improved the scope of their efforts, allowing Native American craftsmen to offer some of the most unique, evocative and memorable jewelry seen today. The inclusion of European techniques fused with traditional designs brought about the hitherto unseen yet beautiful squash blossom necklace, bracelets overlaid in silver, and turquoise inlaid rings, as well as earrings, chokers pins and pendants. Every year, markets in the Southwestern United States showcase masterwork from the Hopi, Jemez, Navajo, Taos, and Zuni tribes, and more besides. With all these advancements brought by the foreigners, it would be easy to forget the inherent skill of the tribal craftsmen. Native beadwork, especially when compared to their still-developing use of metals, was already very well established even prior to colonization. They knew then, how to finely grind turquoise, coral and shell beads, making them into elaborate Heishi necklaces. They also knew how to delicately carve the individual wood and bone beads, and the process to intricately stitch hundreds of beads together, into the flawless jewelry and museum pieces we know today.

Tradition Meets Beauty
As with any culture, Native Americans have traditions surrounding worship, their views on life, death and the world in which they live. Nothing symbolizes this quite so much as their regalia. A Native American in full traditional attire is a sight to behold, and though such an elaborate costume has become fodder for children’s Halloween costumes and the imaginations of eager, if ignorant tourists, there still exists an air of mystery and power when watching ceremonial dances and rituals. The problem with conception is that what many imagine a Native American looks like is inaccurate. Take for instance, the long, flowing headdress of eagle feathers. There were only a few tribes who actually wore them, though as other tribes relocated (to the Plains, for example), they adopted the headdress as a means to appease tourists and visitors who expected them to look a certain way. More common were the roaches crafted of dyed porcupine quills. These were shorter and easier to mange, sometimes worn in combat, but typically for ceremonial purposes. For certain ceremonies, kachina dancers of the southwest would often wear masks, to represent a certain aspect of the culture, natural world or cosmos. This could be either intangible things or representations of people – a revered ancestor, an element, a location, a quality, a natural phenomenon, or a concept that has a particular poignant meaning for the tribe. The Plains Indians also wore buffalo masks in some of their ceremonies. Authentic tunics, trousers (or breech cloths with leggings attached), and moccasins are also common, each featuring intricate stitching, beadwork and possibly metalwork. Garments could either be woven, or crafted from hide and leather. Moccasins often were made of sturdy hide, the better to protect against the elements.

“It is amazing how this nation invented clothes that can fit all seasons and needs, well thought of and used in many different ways,” ————-Author unknown, but it is said that he or she was a medieval European traveler visiting Mongolia for the first time.

Mongolia, which borders both China and Russia, boasts a population of approximately 3.9 million people. Given its proximity to both Asia and Europe, Mongolia has a very interesting history, all of which has made its way into their unique attire.

The Notion of Layering Takes on New Meaning
If you live in a climate with diverse seasons, you are familiar with the notion of layering. An undershirt, a short sleeved shirt, a sweater and an overcoat if necessary should allow you get through a typical Spring or Autumn day. Cool in the mornings, warm by noon and by the time you leave work, it’s already cool or cold again.

Imagine, if you will, the temperature is 50° in the morning, by 10:00 a.m. there is a sand storm and by 2:00 p.m. snow is beginning to fall and it’s 20 degrees cooler suddenly. Now with this image in mind, picture yourself leading a nomadic lifestyle.

So, What’s a Nomad To Do?
Clothes that are as practical as they are aesthetically pleasing are the only way to go for a fashionable Nomad; brightly colored long gowns allow for the most flexibility. For example, long sleeves, which can rolled up when it’s warm and quickly rolled down if begins to snow, suddenly. Something that slips over a person’s head means there are few buttons to have to fumble with when the temperature drops suddenly. A single hook over a brocade button just below your shoulder and you’re snug as a bug in a rug. The nomads of the Mongolian steppes were long adept at dressing according to the mercurial whims of Mother Nature. While every stitch they would wear in the course of a year was as varied and unique as the nomads themselves, they were also highly adaptable and interesting, while being imminently practical at the same time.

Mongolian hats tended to differ between both sexes and within different age groups, with shapes and purposes to suit seasons, holidays, and ceremonies as well as hats for occasional and everyday wear. In addition, they differed between tribes, and on a personal level, were often reflective of a person’s social standing within one tribe or another.

The customary calf-length tunics worn by Mongolian nomads were just as diverse as their hats. The one unifying feature was the cut and form of the shirts – typically long-sleeved, loose fitting with a high collar. Called a ‘del’, Mongolian tunics are differentiated by social standing within the clan as much as by the season. The cut and make of a shirt tended to remain the same between the sexes, with only the color and fit adjusting between them. Males wear slightly larger and more reserved shirts, while the females don brighter colors. In the frigid Mongolian winters, dels are often padded with sheep’s wool or layered cotton.

To finish off the typical Mongolian ensemble, boots are sturdy, handsome pieces, with upturned toes. Arguably this makes the typically rigid and hefty boot both easier to walk in, and capable of helping the nomad to retain his or her seat whilst a-horse. Made of thick leather, they can be joined by thick, soft felt socks in the winter, or sans socks in the summer.

The clothing will vary from the simplest everyday use to the gorgeous and full colorful custom made outfits that will speak of the sex and age, the status and welfare of the person. Also, they will correspond to cultural events and specific celebrations. Mongol clothing will slightly differ according to the ethnic groups like their dialects.

The clothing will correspond to the four seasons of the year. During the hot and short summer the nomads wear light dels made of cotton. In harsh and very cold long winters they wear warm dels made of lamb’s skin. In between during the spring and autumn the nomads wear both heavy and light dels due to highly contrast weather.

The immensely varied and rich presentation of the Mongolian nomad’s wardrobe is highly appropriate, don’t you think, considering the ancient and proud heritage boasted by these robust people of the steppes.

As anyone who has read about, or even seen movies concerning pre-20th century Japan knows, fashion tended to follow very different lines from the West. Clothing normally mirrors the necessities of Japanese life – loose, flowing garments were preferred for activities in the home, for instance. In the middle of the 19th century, Japan began to experiment with, and emulate Western fashion. This was done to bring Japan up to speed, as it were, with the rest of the world. As trends and tastes evolved, eventually something called ‘street fashion’ came into being. Street fashion is defined as a fashion movement derived not from studios but the whims and interests of people, or grassroots. Linked to youth culture, since the 21st century, and probably a bit before that, Japan’s street fashion industry has been sustaining myriad diverse styles and trends.

Blending traditional and contemporary, clothes and accessories that fit into this category are often homemade. However, savvy clothing labels, both foreign and domestic, are cluing in to what is popular – either based on the resurgence of previous styles, or the prevalence of current ones, and releasing a broad array of products in an attempt to satisfy diverse appetites.

Some examples of prominent street fashion in Japan include:

Lolita
Signified by Victorian-era clothing as well as costumes from the Rococo period (late 18th century), this is one of the most diverse and popular subcategories of adornment and fashion in Japan. Japanese youth are fond of a certain ‘cute’ factor in their clothes and merchandise – Lolita epitomizes this to varying degrees, and comes in several varieties, they are:

• Gothic – heavily Victorian, ‘Goth’ style with dark colors
• Sweet – childlike, cute, with use of pastels
• Punk – blends Punk and Lolita
• Classic -Traditional and somewhat staid or mature. Classic focuses on light primary colors – red, green and blue.

Ganguro
Popular among teen and preteen Japanese girls, Ganguro is best exemplified by bright outfits, mini-skirts, tie-dye and platform shoes. Accessories common to Ganguro include fake eyelashes, monochromatic eyeliner, earrings (and rings), bracelets, and necklaces. So-called ‘black facers’, followers of this trend also sport dark tans.

Kogal
Popular in the ’90s, but having since fallen into decline, the Kogal look is based on that of a typical high school uniform, but more sexualized. It can be likened to the United States’ Valley Girl mode.

Bōsōzoku
Similar to Kogal, Bōsōzoku has fallen out of favor since the 1990s. It can still be seen in one form or another in various forms of media, such as anime, manga and Japanese movies. It is typified by jumpsuits, baggy pants, high boots or vaguely militaristic-looking outfits, and is popular among underage motorcycle gangs.

Cosplay
Short for “costume role-play”, Cosplay is a variety of performance art whose participants dress themselves up in diverse and elaborate costumes and accessories. The costumes most often mirror the attire worn by various characters from such digital and artistic mediums as manga, anime or video games. Not quite as common, some cosplayers will dress up as figures from live action roles such as fantasy movies and Japanese musical groups. Cosplay is quite popular with the throngs who attend conventions such as ComicCon in San Diego, Anime Expo (AX) in Los Angeles, or the Tokyo Game Show and Comiket in Japan.

Visual Kei
Popularized by the Japanese entertainment industry, the flamboyant and often androgynous Visual Kei is a hallmark of such groups as X Japan, Malice Mizer, Dir En Grey and Luna Sea. In addition to complex and flamboyant outfits, it features striking makeup and unusual hairstyles.

When it comes to body modification, there’s arguably no other form more celebrated than that of tattooing. But this article’s purpose isn’t to discuss the permanent markings and techniques to create them utilized by various cultures around the world. Instead, we’ll discuss henna tattoos. Before we get into the details though, first you have to know what henna ‘is’.

Henna is a tall shrub or small tree that has been cultivated since the Bronze Age to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, silk and wool. Records circa 400 CE from India, Rome and Spain show henna’s use as a hair dye, and it was listed in Syrian and Egyptian texts as a medicinal herb as well as a dye and preservative for leather and cloth..

Today, it is widely cultivated and used throughout North Africa, India, the Pacific Islands, and via immigratory use, parts of Australia, the UK and much of the United States. To this end, henna has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity due to advancements in cultivation and processing as well as exposure to a broader range of peoples and cultures as immigrants from traditional henna-producing regions move to other areas.

Skin Deep

Linguistically and culturally, henna had many different words and names for it, imparted from a number of languaes. This indicates that it was discovered and put to use in many areas around the world, and at different times. Despite its diverse origins, the method of preperation didn’t differ all that much when it came to applying i to skin. A paste of ground henna (prepared from either a dried powder or fresh ground leaves) would be placed against the skin from a few hours to overnight. The depth and quality of the inking could last from a few days to a month, depending on the person’s skin type, the quality of the paste, and duration of use.

Today, people (typically women, though men are embracing the art form as well), especially in Western cultures, use henna as a more temporary (and less painful) means of adorning their bodies merely for the pure joy of doing so. They do it without necessarily attaching a specific significance to the henna or to the application of it to the skin. In days long past, henna was used widely in fertility rites, marriage ceremonies, and myriad social events as well. With the exquisite, intricate patterning, and varied coloration available, there was, and is, no end to how one can beautiful themselves with this delightful and versatile plant.